34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

When we focus on the obvious aspects of media, we miss the changes that . Most of us notice the obvious aspects of a new medium or technology while missing the more subtle aspects. Take, for example, the microwave oven. It was introduced in the early 1980s and revolutionized food preparation. Traditionally, one person spent the better part of an afternoon fixing an evening meal for a family. Now, it was possible to prepare foods very quickly, and this shortening of preparation time was liberating for the cooks in the family, most of whom tended to be women. But the short-term, obvious implications of greater convenience made it easy to overlook the long-term implications of no longer having one person fix food for the family to eat together at an evening meal. As time went on, fewer and fewer families sat down together to eat dinner. Meals that took a long time to prepare became a luxury of the past, except perhaps for special occasions. The effects of the microwave oven on family life were not anticipated and would have been difficult to foresee.

①strengthen family bonds in ways we did not anticipate

②are solely technical and have no social consequences

③accumulate over time but are not apparent day to day

④slowly reshape the global economy and labor market

⑤gradually harm our health without any symptoms

32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

Of the cognitive motivations, the most fundamental one encourages people to understand their environment to predict what is going to happen in case of uncertainties. Most important, people prefer to develop meanings that . For example, if in a given year more people accept offers of admission than a college expects, quite a few students end up living in dorm lounges or campus hotels. It is easy to understand why living in the lounge is problematic (no closet, for one thing). But what is wrong with a room at campus hotels? After all, students in a hotel get private bathrooms, their own TV, and larger rooms. In fact, living in those hotels is problematic because the student residents are not a part of a stable group with people who will be their neighbors for the year; they must wait in uncertainty before finding their social niche. The uncertainty itself is the problem. People lack a shared social understanding, normally developed from membership in a stable group.

* niche: 적소, 적당한 장소

①are shared with other people

②distinguish them from the majority

③reflect personal comfort and luxury

④can be proven through logical experiments

⑤remain flexible in rapidly changing environments

[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

The concept of "choice architecture," popularized in behavioral economics, highlights how the design of the environment in which choices are made can significantly influence the decisions people make. Algorithms are, in essence, (a) sophisticated architects of our digital environments. By curating what we see, what we are recommended, and what options are presented to us, they subtly, and sometimes not so subtly, nudge us towards (b) particular paths. While nudges can be used for beneficial purposes, such as encouraging healthier habits, they also carry the potential for manipulation, particularly when the underlying objectives of the architects are not aligned with the well-being or autonomy of the individual. The question then becomes: how can we cultivate and protect our human agency in an increasingly algorithmic world? It requires a (c) conscious effort to maintain critical engagement with the technologies we use. It means actively seeking out diverse perspectives, (d) following algorithmic recommendations, and making deliberate choices that go against the predicted grain. It involves cultivating a healthy skepticism towards the seemingly objective outputs of algorithms and remembering that these systems are designed by humans with specific goals, and that their data is a (e) reflection of past realities, not necessarily a prescription for future flourishing.

* nudge: 가볍게 자극하다

41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

①Fostering Human Agency in Designed Digital Spaces

②Reclaim Creativity in an Excessively Automated World

③The Ethical Controversy of Algorithmic Decision-Making

④Emotional Bias: The Primary Force Behind Online Choices

⑤Human Intuition: The Key to Innovating Digital Environments

29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]

Capitalism is not a system where cash is everywhere but rather ①one in which islands of cash exchange exist within oceans of cheap ―or potentially cheap ―natures. ②Reproducing life within the cash nexus is expensive, and it grows more expensive over time. Workers' wages can be frozen, even rolled back, but in the end inequality leads to crises of the kind we've recently seen ③bring about populist protests in the United States and the United Kingdom. Workers demand dignity, and their labor becomes expensive. Production processes burn through an island, and energy is no longer cheap. The climate changes, and crops can no longer grow as ④abundantly as they once did. Frontiers are so important in these processes because they offer places ⑤which the new cheap things can be seized ― and the cheap work of humans and other natures can be forcefully taken.

* cash nexus: 현금 거래 관계

33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

Psychological theories across the field agree on the importance of grieving our losses, from the highly personal through to the broadly collective. Grief is a dynamic emotional process essential to consciousness. At a psychological level, it supports us to both face into our own and others' vulnerability, transience and mortality, and to repair life energy after significant loss. Grief work honours the loss, the sadness and the experience of diminishment or absence, while also setting up the ground for self-transformation and the continuation of life. Psychotherapist Fran Weller describes grief work is "an act of devotion, rooted in love and compassion" that requires "an ongoing practice of deepening, attending and listening." When we grieve for what is lost, it clears the way towards a strengthening of love and commitment for what remains. In time this may build a desire to make good from the loss by repairing as many damages as we can and/or compensating for them. Grief can .

* transience: 덧없음

①make us both very sad and very motivated to act

②cause us to underestimate the importance of loss

③prevent any possibility of personal growth and change

④help us self-reflect and distance ourselves from others

⑤ensure that we won't experience the same hardship again

40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Our adult brains retain a preference for perpetuating good, fair behavior. Simply perceiving ourselves as people who do good deeds and behaving accordingly motivates us to do greater good in the future. In one paid study of one hundred college students, subjects who wrote down a list of past good deeds and were then asked to donate money to a charity gave, on average, over half the earnings they'd made from the study — almost twice as much as those who had been instructed to recall previous bad deeds. In addition, subjects who'd taken pains to describe not only how they'd been nice to others but how people responded were likely to donate significantly less than those who focused purely on the actions themselves. In other words, people who seemed concerned about appearances (e.g., the impact of their good deed, as much as the deed itself) were less generous than those who cared more about doing good for its own sake.

* perpetuate: 영속시키다

According to the study, the motivation to do good deeds was more (A) in those who recalled their past virtues and those who focused purely on their good deeds than those who recalled their previous bad deeds and those who seemed highly (B) of the appearances of their deeds.

①evident …… conscious

②lacking …… observant

③noticeable …… ignorant

④suspended …… tolerant

⑤activated …… forgetful

34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

When we focus on the obvious aspects of media, we miss the changes that . Most of us notice the obvious aspects of a new medium or technology while missing the more subtle aspects. Take, for example, the microwave oven. It was introduced in the early 1980s and revolutionized food preparation. Traditionally, one person spent the better part of an afternoon fixing an evening meal for a family. Now, it was possible to prepare foods very quickly, and this shortening of preparation time was liberating for the cooks in the family, most of whom tended to be women. But the short-term, obvious implications of greater convenience made it easy to overlook the long-term implications of no longer having one person fix food for the family to eat together at an evening meal. As time went on, fewer and fewer families sat down together to eat dinner. Meals that took a long time to prepare became a luxury of the past, except perhaps for special occasions. The effects of the microwave oven on family life were not anticipated and would have been difficult to foresee.

①strengthen family bonds in ways we did not anticipate

②are solely technical and have no social consequences

③accumulate over time but are not apparent day to day

④slowly reshape the global economy and labor market

⑤gradually harm our health without any symptoms

32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

Of the cognitive motivations, the most fundamental one encourages people to understand their environment to predict what is going to happen in case of uncertainties. Most important, people prefer to develop meanings that . For example, if in a given year more people accept offers of admission than a college expects, quite a few students end up living in dorm lounges or campus hotels. It is easy to understand why living in the lounge is problematic (no closet, for one thing). But what is wrong with a room at campus hotels? After all, students in a hotel get private bathrooms, their own TV, and larger rooms. In fact, living in those hotels is problematic because the student residents are not a part of a stable group with people who will be their neighbors for the year; they must wait in uncertainty before finding their social niche. The uncertainty itself is the problem. People lack a shared social understanding, normally developed from membership in a stable group.

* niche: 적소, 적당한 장소

①are shared with other people

②distinguish them from the majority

③reflect personal comfort and luxury

④can be proven through logical experiments

⑤remain flexible in rapidly changing environments

33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

Psychological theories across the field agree on the importance of grieving our losses, from the highly personal through to the broadly collective. Grief is a dynamic emotional process essential to consciousness. At a psychological level, it supports us to both face into our own and others' vulnerability, transience and mortality, and to repair life energy after significant loss. Grief work honours the loss, the sadness and the experience of diminishment or absence, while also setting up the ground for self-transformation and the continuation of life. Psychotherapist Fran Weller describes grief work is "an act of devotion, rooted in love and compassion" that requires "an ongoing practice of deepening, attending and listening." When we grieve for what is lost, it clears the way towards a strengthening of love and commitment for what remains. In time this may build a desire to make good from the loss by repairing as many damages as we can and/or compensating for them. Grief can .

* transience: 덧없음

①make us both very sad and very motivated to act

②cause us to underestimate the importance of loss

③prevent any possibility of personal growth and change

④help us self-reflect and distance ourselves from others

⑤ensure that we won't experience the same hardship again